How does air typically enter a condenser?

Air typically enters a condenser predominantly through the process of steam ingress and leaky flanges. When steam enters the condenser, it can bring along some degree of non-condensable gases, including air. Additionally, flanges, which are points of connection in the piping system, can develop leaks due to wear, poor sealing, or improper installation, allowing air to enter the system.

This entry of air is undesirable since it can reduce the efficiency of the condenser by displacing steam and creating a non-condensable gas layer, which hinders heat transfer. It is essential for engineers to monitor and minimize these air ingress points to maintain optimal condenser performance.