Which of the following effects does air have in a surface condenser?

In a surface condenser, air plays a significant role in affecting its performance, and it can be attributed to the statements provided.

Air can increase the pressure within the condenser. When non-condensable gases like air accumulate in the condenser, they occupy space and prevent the formation of a vacuum, leading to an increase in pressure. This increased pressure can impact the efficiency of the heat exchange process, making it more difficult for steam to condense properly.

Additionally, air retards heat transfer. The presence of air in the condenser creates a barrier that impediments the effective transfer of heat from the steam to the cooling water. Since air has a lower conductivity compared to the steam and water, its presence isolates the steam from the cooling surface, reducing overall heat transfer efficiency.

Moreover, air could also enter the system through high-pressure ejectors or other means. If the ejector steam brings in non-condensable gases, these gases will mix with the steam and affect condenser operations by further contributing to the issues mentioned, such as increasing pressure and reducing heat transfer.

Consequently, all these effects are interconnected, demonstrating how air impacts the functionality of a surface condenser. Thus, recognizing that air can increase pressure, retard heat transfer, and may enter through system components